Judicial Activism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Judicial Activism - Essay Example By interpreting, the judge is equipped with knowledge to decide what applies in a particular case. The decision must also be constitutional rather than a biased one. (Scalia, 1997)This is what is referred to as strict constructionism or strict constructivism. The judge must first acquire the meaning of a particular clause of the constitution then apply it in the ruling. The use of strict constructionism is recommended where the provisions of the constitution are unclear, ambiguous or absurd. On the other hand, one may view the constitution as a self-fulfilled set of guidelines to govern any ruling.in the event that there are no ambiguous or the clarity of the provisions is spot on, the judges are expected to strictly apply the exact meaning in the ruling. (Forte, 1972) One of the issues that arise with interpretation of the constitution by the judges is expansion of the laws through implications. Justice, reason and fairness may fail to materialise if the judges fail to restrain from expansion of the law through implication. Abortion has been one of the most contentious and sensitive issue over a period of time. Judicial involvement is rampant and the most publicly highlighted case is the Roe v.Wade case. The outcome of this case was the declaration of access abortion as being a fundamental right of any woman upon determination of foetal viability. (Craig, 1993) Consequently, the conditions determining foetal viability became very conflicting. Up to now, different states continue to set up rulings concerning abortion due to their own definition of the term â€Å"foetal viability†. For instance, the Supreme Court is under intense pressure to rethink about the legal conditions as to when an abortion can be performed. Various petitions have been raised by different states prompting the judicial system to re-evaluate its position as expressed in the Roe vs. Wade case. In this case,

Father of the Year Essay Example for Free

Father of the Year Essay Many people in Maycomb County , Alabama gathered to watch Atticus Finch defend Tom Robinson , a black man. The odds were already against Tom Robinson and Atticus because Tom Robinson was black and Mayella Ewell was white. Tom Robinson is being accused raping Mayella Ewell in her own home when he was suppose to be helping her with some work. Mayella told Tom Robinson to â€Å" †¦ come here, nigger, and bust up this chifferobe for me, I gotta nickel you. † According to her after she asked him to bust up the chifferobe tree he attempted to rape her. Before Atticus Finch even had a chance to question Mayella , she burst out in tears. She burst into tear when the judge simply said â€Å"Just tell us what happened†. At the stand Mayella was a nervous break down. Within the first few questions that Atticus asked her she freaked out because she thought that Atticus was â€Å"mockin† her. Atticus was only being polite by calling her maam and Ms. Mayella , and Mayella seemed to just take in offense. During the questioning by Atticus , Mayella kept her same story, that Tom Robinson raped her. She seemed to be unsure about that story mid-way through the questioning. Actually some of her responses to Atticuss questions didnt make sense or she wouldnt respond at all. She told the court room that Tom Robinson hit her with his left hand on the right side of her face, even though his left Crises in Maycomb By: Kevon McClary hand is paralyzed from an accident that accord while he was a child. The odd thing is that Mayella father, Bob Ewell , is left handed and was allegedly at the crime after the â€Å"rape† occurred. Throughout most of her questioning Mayella seemed as if she was confused. Mayella once stated â€Å" No, I dont recollect if he hit me. I mean yes I do, he hit me†. Mayella not speaking clearly during the questioning may lead the jury to think that she is lying about her story. [ In the picture above you will see Atticus Finch questioning Mayella Ewell. ] The last couple of questions that Atticus was asking Mayella , Mayella seemed to be getting angrier by the question. There was absolutely nothing that Mayella Ewell could be getting mad about. If I was in the jury , Mayella getting aggravated, nervous, and crying that would somewhat lead to me believing the she was lying about the whole thing. Mayella really seemed to be enraged when she said her finale statement , â€Å"That nigger yonder took advantage of me an if you fine fancy gentlemen dont wanta do nothin about it then youre all yellow stinkin cowards, stinkin cowards, the lot of you. Your fancy airs dont come to nothinyour maamin and Miss Mayellerin dont come to nothin, Mr. Finch. † My opinion of this trial is that Tom Robinson is innocent. From Mayella freaking out , to the obvious evidence that points out Tom Robinsons innocent. I think that Mayella Ewell is a great person, just raised by the wrong father. In a way it seems like all of Mayella answers were what Bob Ewell wanted her to say . She knows the truth behind it all , whether she wants to tell it or not. Its already obvious to the jury and the courtroom that tom Robinson is innocent. But the only thing is that Tom Robinson is an African American male whose word is not as important as the white man or even the white woman.

The Internet Essay -- Technology Impact Web Cyberspace Essays

The Internet Today the use of technology is tremendous. Almost every home has a computer and a way of communication like the telephone. Most have radios and satellites for cable television. To some people technology is all that they depend on for survival. I have learned that technology plays a huge role in every person’s life. The use of technology today has helped make life a little bit simpler and has changed our way of thinking. For instance, the Internet is a highly effective tool for communicating, for gathering information and for cooperation between dispersed locations. It has â€Å"negated the limitations of physical presence† (Shields 5). There is continuous development and improvement. The growing list of applications serves as testament to advertising, communication, shopping, and banking, to name just a few. Many businesses are discovering new ways to reach their customers, new ways to improve efficiency, new products and services to sell. The future is limited only by your imagination. The Internet is, quite literally, a network of networks. It is comprised of thousands of interconnected networks spanning the globe (Black 1). The computers that form the Internet range from huge mainframes in research establishments to modest PCs in people’s homes and offices. Despite the recent hype, the Internet is not a new phenomenon. Its roots lie in a collection of computers that were linked together in the mid-1960s to form the US Department of Defense’s communications systems. Fearing the consequences of nuclear attack, there was no central computer holding vast amounts of data, rather the information was dispersed across thousands of machines. A set of rules, of protocols, known as TCP/IP was developed to allow dispar... ... to the Internet’s bytes there has been a long road of development. The reason for the developments is the desire for information. Information has always been valuable. Each one of these inventions has been a tool for political and economical resource in their time, and each has been surpassed by the next in efficiency and speed. Global communication is becoming more and more a comfortable, worldly cultural phenomenon. Together with this development the world is becoming a smaller place. The question is what is next? Works Cited: Black, Uyless. Advanced Internet Technologies. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1999. Shields, Rob, ed. Cultures of Internet: Virtual Spaces, Real Histories, Living Bodies. California: SAGE Publications, 1996. Whyte, W. S. networked futures: trends for communication systems development. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1999.

Writing Improvement Exercises

Save this file to your computer. Your assignment is to revise each of the following exercises to reflect your mastery of the concepts described in Chapter 2. Create your revisions directly on your screen, save your response, and send it to your instructor as a Word attachment in Blackboard mail.To help you, the solutions to several problems are already provided. Be sure to type your answers at the indented points after each enumeration to avoid the problem of automated numbering.AUDIENCE BENEFITS AND THE â€Å"YOU† VIEWRevise the following sentences to emphasize the perspective of the audience and theâ€Å"you† view.1. To avoid suffering the kinds of monetary losses we have experienced in the past, our credit union prohibits the cashing of third-party checks presented by our members. Our facility will be pleased to cash all properly executed checks other than third-party checks.2. To help us process your order with our new database software, we need you to go to this We b site, www.databasefullfillment.com, and fill out the customer information required. Please visit our website www.databasefullment.comto help us process your order.3. We are pleased to announce an arrangement with H-P that allows us to offer discounted computers in the student bookstore.4. Under a new policy, reimbursement of travel expenses will be restricted to those related to work only.5. We are pleased to announce that you have been approved to enroll in our management trainee program.6. I give my permission for you to attend the two-day workshop.CONVERSATIONAL, PROFESSIONAL TONERevise the following to make the tone conversational yet professional.7. Under separate cover the above-referenced items (printer toner and supplies) are being sent to your Oakdale office, as per your telephone conversation of April 1. As you requested in your phone call of April 1, we are pleased to send you the printer toner and supplies directly to your Oakdale office.8. Kindly inform the undersigne d whether or not your representative will be making a visitation in the near future.9. It is recommended that you conceptualize and submit your departmental budget ASAP.10. BTW, we’ve had some slippage in the schedule but don’t have to scrap everything and start from step zero.11. To facilitate ratification of this agreement, your negotiators urge that the membership respond in the affirmative.POSITIVE AND COURTEOUS EXPRESSIONRevise the following statements to make them more positive.12. Customers are ineligible for the 10 percent discount unless they show their membership cards. Please show your membership card in order to receive your 10 percent discount.13. Titan Insurance Company will not process any claim not accompanied by documented proof from a physician showing that the injuries were treated.14. If you fail to comply with each requirement, you will not receive your $50 rebate.15. We must withhold remuneration until you complete the job satisfactorily.16. We ca n’t process your application because you neglected to insert your telephone number.17. Construction cannot begin until the building plans are approved.18. All employees must return their health care packets by November 1, or they will not be able to change any options.INCLUSIVE LANGUAGERevise the following sentences to eliminate terms that are considered sexist or that suggest stereotypes.19. Any applicant for the position of fireman must submit a medical report signed by his physician. All applicants for the position of firefighter must submit a medical report signed by their physicians. OR Any applicant for the position of firefighter must submit a medical report signed by his or her physician.20. Every employee is entitled to see his personnel file.21. All waiters and waitresses are covered under our new benefits package.22. A salesman would have to use all his skills to sell those condos.23. All conference participants and their wives are invited to the banquet.24. How ma ny man hours are required to complete the project?PLAIN ENGLISH AND FAMILIAR WORDSRevise the following sentences to use plain English and familiar words.25. Please ascertain whether we must perpetuate our current contract despite perplexing profits. Please determine if we must keep our current contract despite uncertain profits.26. He hypothesized that the vehicle was not operational because of a malfunctioning gasket.27. Because we cannot monitor all cash payments, we must terminate the contract.28. The contract stipulates that management must perpetuate the retirement plan.29. I’ll interface with Mark to access his people.30. Unilateral nullification of the terms and conditions of the expiring agreement absent bona fide impasse is prohibited.

Immigration in the 1920’s

The way people were treated in the early 1920s would be considered outrageous today, but the discrimination has not come to a hault just yet. After carrying on for years, immigration laws are still being established today. Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America because it created the quota laws, which have successfully helped the immigrants find their place in this society today, and discrimination has decreased dramatically, but has not concealed itself from this problem completely. The immigrants wanting to come to our country saw our world as a new start or even a new life for them, that’s when 1920s they decided to take immigration laws to the extreme to keep the massive flow of people out, â€Å"In 1919 a bill was introduced to suspend all immigration entirely while congress worked out a permanent plan for a more tightly restrictive policy† (Wepman 242). Although this law was only temporary, just shortly after more things started changing, â€Å"Signed by President Harding on May 19, 1921 called ‘the most important turning-point in American immigration history. An act to limit the immigration of aliens into the United States. † (Wepman 242). The limiting of the immigrants into the United States wasn’t the worst part, â€Å"One of the most painful results of the new quota restrictions was that they made no distinctions for personal relationships and often seperated families. †(Wepman 244). With of the family troubles that the immigrants had to deal with, â€Å"After the civil war the former slaves began to drift away from the rural south, where more than 90 percent of the black population of the United States had lived in antebellum era. †(Archdeacon 131).Even though right before World War I started, â€Å"Immigration dropped to new lows. During the 1930’s the annual quota was never completely filled, the total numbering less than 100,000 a year, and many emigrated out of the country. †(Daniels 247). With all these quota laws and such, that didn’t stop the discrimination from occurring. Many things with discrimination and the process of going through Ellis Island changed a lot over the 1920s. After World War I the immigration level reached an all time high after the lull during the war. â€Å"The Immigration Act of 1924 created a permanent quota system (that of 1921 was only temporary), educing the 1921 annual quota from 358,000 to 164,000. † (Wepman 243). Eventually they negotiated enough and got the number of immigrants down to 154,000.The whole point of the quota acts was to maintain the â€Å"character† of the United States. Although President Johnson wanted to eliminate all immigration not everyone did, â€Å"The unions, which had approved Johnson’s idea of banning all immigration, accepted it as a good compromise, and the New York Daily news applauded it for its protection of American job market from a flood of aliens willing to work for low wages. (Wepman 242). Now, as we are in the 21st century, and the economy at one of its lowest points, the immigrants of the world today are lucky to get a job with a minimum wage pay or even a job because of their race. After all these new laws were set, they had to have some kind of protection to keep the immigrants out, that is when they created Border Patrol. There was an over flow of laborers coming from the South which resulted in the establishment of U. S. Border Patrol on May 8, 1924.The Border Patrol consisted of over 450 officers; â€Å"Their main job was to ride the Mexican border on horseback seeking out smugglers and the hiding places of illegal aliens. †(Tischauser 100). Not only did they create the Border Patrol, they mad a ten-dollar visa fee with an additional six-dollar head tax for each applicant trying to get through. That new rule alone limited down the number of people to cross the border because only very few Mexicans made enough money to pay that fee. â€Å"During the first three years of operation, the Border Patrol turned back an annual average of fifteen thousand Mexicans seeking illegal entry. †(Tischauser 100).These numbers looked great for congress but the number of illegal immigrants started to become outrageously large, â€Å"Because of such fears, Congress, in 1929, voted to double the size of the Border Patrol and demanded a crackdown on illegal entry, and increased Border security. †(Tischauser 101). Although the 1920s was filled with glamour, there were other sides to this nation with horrible discrimination and racial issues. The Ku Klux Klan was a racist group of people that would do anything and go to any extreme to get the racial segregation they wanted and the white supremacy.There are over 40 different Klan groups that have previously xisted, â€Å"At first, the Ku Klux Klan focused its anger and violence on African-Americans, on white Americans who stood up for them, and against the federal government which supported their rights. Subsequent incarnations of the Klan, which typically emerged in times of rapid social change, added more categories to its enemies list, including Jews, Catholics, homosexuals, and different groups of immigrants. † (Anti-Defamation League). Throughout the years, the Klan had reached over four million members and just as they hit their peak, until people started realizing how racially absurd this group of Klansmen really was.Not shortly after that the Klan had split at the Democratic presidential convention and the public did not heed this very well, â€Å"by the end of the 20's, a power struggle among the top positions of the Klan caused the group to split. The Klan quickly fizzled out with the conviction of the head of the Indiana Klan. Only a handful of Klansmen was the remainder of the millions that so previously had approved of the Klan's violent acts† (Keeney). After all was said and done, the simplest way to put the KKK was, â€Å"they became champions of vigilante justice against bootleggers, wife-beaters, and adulters. (Keeney). Although the Klu Klux Klan â€Å"saw themselves as protecting the American family† (Kenney 1), many of the quota laws would set immigration up to fail. In our society today, we could have possibly reached an all time low in racism. In the state of Arizona, the governor has now passed a very sketchy law, â€Å"It requires police officers, â€Å"when practicable,† to detain people they reasonably suspect are in the country without authorization and to verify their status with federal officials, unless doing so would hinder an investigation or emergency medical treatment. †(New York Times). Having the discrimination back in the 1920s has carried on throughout the years, to the point where if a person walking down the street looks slightly Hispanic, police can demand to see documents that prove you are a citizen of this country that we live in. Immigrants’ back then thought they had it bad, the United States now bring all that racial hate back. . Immigration has had a huge impact on modern day America by setting the quota laws, the immigration acts, creating Border Patrol, and by trying to help people realize that even though you are from a different racial descent, you are still just as important as anyone else. Even though people may look at those of different ethnicities as less capable to do your job, they are actually the ones that are doing all the dirty work that we don’t want to do, so in the long run, we should be thanking them. Although Arizona has brought about the discrimination again, mostly throughout the United States people keep their hateful comments to themselves, and you don’t really find many gang members out there anymore, but everyone walking down the street should watch their back because you never know what’s coming for you. Works CitedArchdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American. New York: The Free Press, 1983Daniels, Roger. Coming to America. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1990Wepman, Dennis. Immigration: From the founding of Virginia to the closing of Ellis Island. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2002Strelssguth, Thomas. The Roaring Twenties. New York: Facts on File Inc. , 2001â€Å"Racism in the 1920s: The rise of the KKK and anti-immigration. † Kim Kenney. 15 January 2009, 2 May 2010. http://americanhistory. suite101. com/article. cfm/racism_in_the_1920sâ€Å"Racial and Ethnic Discrimination† 2 May 2010. http://law. jrank. org/pages/9625/Racial-Ethnic-Discrimination. html

Value of Sports Talent

Value of Sports Talent Introduction One of the greatest motivators of the sports industry and sometimes the only motivator is identified to be the revenues that players as well as their teams rake in after a particular game or tournament. The need to increase the amount of revenue that a team or a player makes has led researcher to explore the economic as well as the finance aspects of sports.Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Value of Sports Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the course of these studies it has been identified that there is a lot of disparity between the amounts of revenue that players as well as teams playing in the same sport make (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). In the quest to explain these disparities, researchers have come up with different frameworks that can be applied to increase the overall incomes of the various stakeholders in the sports fraternity without necessarily having to work hard. This may be identified as an advantage for the players even though it has elicited its fair share of criticism from the lovers of the particular sports. They identify that too much commercialization of the game may end up killing the sport by drawing all the fun out of it (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). In the end most people who are in a position to influence the way sports is managed still view it as a business that pays the bills of many people all over the world. There has also been increased activism in the sports fraternity citing the lack of equality in the payment of salaries. This has introduced a new debate over the standardization of salaries in leagues or tournaments especially where it is identified that the performance of some of the highly paid players may be in question. The issue of management of sports teams as well as independent athletes is identified as one of the critical aspects of the financial debate in the sports fraternity. The signing of contracts is especially ide ntified as critical in the development of sports as it outlines the particular financial success of the athletes as well as the teams. This paper seeks to explore the opinions of different authors on the whole issue of sports finance and economics in reference to the particular revenues that individual players as well as sports teams rake in from particular games as well as tournaments. Theoretical Premise The authors identify some new applications of knowledge borrowed from other fields that are identified as compatible with the general field of sports. It is identified that most of the authors borrow their content from the economic and finance aspects of sports in their explanation of the particular revenues that players and sports clubs get (Stone Warren, 1999).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Their explanation of the economics of sports, however, raises new ideas that have not been previously identified by other authors such as the relationship between performance and revenue (Kahn Shah, 2005). It is identified that most sports have a performance appraisal payment system where players as well as clubs make more money depending on their performance. On the other hand, there are players and clubs that make more money based on their fan base although they may not be in a position to perform better than other players (McCormick Tollison, 2001). They also explain the contribution that perception makes on the incomes of players while highlighting race and status issues. It is identified that the application performance appraisal mechanisms in some sports may be partisan in terms of the amount of contribution that each player makes (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The identification of some players as high value does not always stem from their particular performance on the field or court, but rather on their value as sports personalities. The a uthors apply some economic and finance principles in identifying different mechanisms that players and teams can use to increase their value without necessarily performing better in their respective sports (Kahn Shah, 2005). The use of economic principles identifies the particular relationship between market forces in the sports fraternity and the performance of players. The authors identify that the performance of players or rather teams often has a huge impact on the number of fans that frequent their games during tournaments (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). This increases their revenues from gate fees as well as sponsorships (Noll, 1998). On the other hand, it is identified that there may be some freeloaders who make more money than other without having to perform well. They often make their money through fan loyalty, which the authors identify as a combination of basic economic principles. The fact that some teams are in a position to increase their income by building fan lo yalty even though they may not be the best performing team in a particular league brings in the issue of fan psychology. It is identified that the need to belong often brews a huge amount of loyalty that is unmatched by any type of performance (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). Some of the aspects identified by the authors to be particularly responsible for this kind of loyalty are race and location. It is identified that the location of some teams ensures that they are the only teams that those who love the sport in the area can support (Noll, 1998). With increased demand as a result of a great following, teams are in a position to increase their incomes through hiking stadium gate fees as well as increasing their endorsements and sponsorship values (Whitney, 2005).Advertising We will write a custom coursework sample on Value of Sports Talent specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The authors use data borrowed from sports statistics made by di fferent teams and league managers. These give a vivid description of the particular revenue flows that the authors seek to explain in their articles. The fact that the numbers are evident, but there has not been any action to rectify the disparities in incomes, may be understood to mean that the success of the sports fraternity does not lie in the particular revenues generated (Kahn Shah, 2005). This is contrary to popular opinion of the players, managers as well as fans who identify that the monetary value of the sport has a lot to do with its success. The use of real monetary figures does, however, prove the validity of the arguments advanced by the authors in every sense of the sport from the motivational to the fanatical and financial aspects of the different sports that have been evaluated (Stone Warren, 1999). Of particular interest is the data on basketball as well as football where it is identified that some of the best performing athletes may be making less money than the ir counterparts who perform less especially in cases where they are bound by contracts that are of a lower value (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). This extends the authors debate on sports management where sports managers have to identify ways of increasing and sustaining sports contracts and endorsements. Critique The authors raise a couple of ideas that are quite important in the evaluation of sports revenues with the current disparities in the incomes of different players as well as teams being put into consideration. The identification that the state of the whole sports fraternity is worrying in regard to its sustainability especially after fans have started complaining of more boardroom sports than on the field sports (Whitney, 2005). The fact that the commercialization of the sports industry may be identified to be one of the contributors of the decline in the growth of the whole industry in terms of sports, it should not be demonized especially considering that the increased value of the game has overtime contributed to more activity in terms of the number of games and tournaments organized (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The authors’ findings as well as conclusions can be identified to have various strengths as well as weaknesses that are based on their application of themes whether new or borrowed from other fields of study (Verbon, 2008). Strengths The authors identify that the introduction of salary caps as well as salary floors may serve to improve the quality of sports since players will be more motivated to perform better. The fact that these opinions are based on real values collected from the different teams and sports managers serves to provide a practical evaluation of the economic and financial aspects of sports especially in regard to salaries and endorsements (Verbon, 2008).Advertising Looking for coursework on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The need to introduce some form of equality into the sports fraternity is advised by the fact that some teams as well as individual players have been suffering under irrational decisions made by their managers who identify particular ways of raking in revenues to be preferable than other (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). It is identified that the particular aspect of procuring famous athletes who are in the decline stages of their careers and then paying them some hefty amounts of money may not be ethical even though it works to draw in more fans as well as increase endorsements and sponsorships (McCormick Tollison, 2001). The need to value sports with reference to the particular performance of a player and not his or her previous reputation serves to ensure that the particular talent that exists in the field is natured to a point where it gives both the stake holders in the sports management and the fans a considerable amount of satisfaction during the games (Stone Warren, 1999). The i dentification by some authors that some of the sports portray quite a substantial amount of disparity between the revenues of players from different races, serves to highlight the plight of minority groups in the sports fraternity. This, they identify is rooted in the particular management techniques of different spots where the value of players is quantified to racial supply rather than their performance (Kahn Shah, 2005). They identify that in the basketball leagues white players are paid more than their black counterparts due to the fact that there are less white players in the leagues in general. The application of economic, finance as well as other market research models in identifying the particular value of players and teams in terms of endorsements and the number of fans is credited for this racial disparity (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). Where it is identified that there is a higher population of white people who frequent the sports venues, the white players are paid more than the other players and vice versa (Ehrenberg Bognanno, 1990). The authors have also identified the need to invest in nurturing talent in regard to their evaluations based on economic principles. They identify that the investment of teams in old and experienced sports personalities so as to increase their endorsements and number of fans may not satisfy their long-term objectives and may actually be expensive in the long run (Palomino Sakovics, 2003). Weaknesses While most of the authors identify that the introduction of salary caps may be identified to be a motivator for those who are wrongfully discriminated based on their personality, it may serve to demoralize the high achievers who make a lot of money (Sanderson Siegfried, 1997). It should not be assumed that some of the highest salaried players do not deserve their salaries as it is identified that some of them actually perform exceptionally for the betterment of their teams as well as the whole sport in general. The application of economic variables does not serve to solve the direct challenges that are faced by sports personalities today and with the short lifespan of some sports careers it may be worrying to identify that some of the currently talented athletes may never get to be paid their fair dues in the near future (Noll, 1998). The authors identify that with age the performance of athletes reduces. In as much as teams want to maintain some of the players for endorsement purposes, the particular economic viability of the sports industry has a long-term aspect to it and with the short life cycles of the athletes careers it may not be viable to apply economic principles in a matter that is identified to be of personal importance. It may, however, work to secure the revenues of future generations. It is identified that what is currently needed is a quick solution to fix the reputation of the sports fraternity before some of the sports start losing their market value due to reduced fan sati sfaction (McCormick Tollison, 2001). The management of sports teams is also misrepresented in terms of financial preference, where it is identified that they are mainly drawn by the particular profits that they can make in the signing of sports contracts (Verbon, 2008). It is identified that the need to maintain a high number of loyal fans coincides with the particular aspect of endorsement profits as well as gate collection and these are actually some of the main concerns of sports managers. Conclusion The authors have presented a very solid case on sports economics by evaluating real data on the particular revenues of teams as well as individual sports personalities. Their arguments on the particular contracts that players as well as teams in general get into prove that there may be more financial matters in the sports fraternity than it is identified by those who identify talent as the main motivator of sports (Whitney, 2005). This proves that the financial aspect of sports shou ld not be ignored as it may be a bubble that is about to burst considering the recent over-commercialization of some sports. They identify that there may be a need to toughen the rules and regulations surrounding the management of spots to secure its viability and ensure fair play among the different stakeholders (Downward, Dawson Dejonghe, 2009). References Downward, P., Dawson, A., Dejonghe, T. (2009). Sports economics: theory, evidence and policy. New York: Elsevier/Butterworth-Heinemann. Ehrenberg, R., G. Bognanno, M., L. (1990). Do Tournaments have incentive effects? Journal of political economy. 98(6). Pp 1307-1324. Kahn, L., Shah, M. (2005). Race, Compensation and Contract Length in the NBA. Journal of industrial relations. 44(3). Pp 444-462. McCormick, R., E. Tollison, R,. D. (2001). Why do black basketball players work more for less money? Journal of Economic Behavior Organisation. 44(1). Pp 201– 219 Noll, R., G. (1998). Economic Perspectives on the Athletes Bo dy. Stanford humanities review. 6(2). Pp 78-81. Palomino, F., Sakovics, J. (2003). Inter-league competition for talent vs. competitive balance. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh. Porter, P., Scully, G. (1996). The Distribution of Earnings and the Rules of the Game. Southern Economic Journal. 63(1). Pp 149-162. Sanderson, A., R. Siegfried, J., J. (1997). The Implications of Athlete Freedom to Contract: Lessons from North America. Oxford: Blackwell. Stone, E., W. Warren, R. (1999). Customer discrimination in professional basketball: evidence from the trading-card market. Applied Economics. 31. Pp 679-685. Verbon, H. (2008). Regulation of Mobile Football Talent. Tilburg: Tilburg University press. Whitney, J. (2005). The peculiar externalities of professional team sports. Economic Inquiry. 43(2). Pp 330–343.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA. His birth certificate listed his first name as Michael, but this was later changed to Martin. His Grandfather and then his Father both served as the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 with a degree in Sociology. He further received a Bachelors of Divinity in 1951 and then a Ph.D. from Boston College in 1955. It was in Boston where he met and later married Coretta Scott. They had two sons and two daughters together. Becoming a Civil Rights Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. It was while serving as pastor of the church that Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This occurred on December 1, 1955. By December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun. Montgomery Bus Boycott: On December 5, 1955, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was unanimously elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this time, African-Americans refused to ride the public bus system in Montgomery. Kings home was bombed due to his involvement. Thankfully his wife and baby daughter who were home at the time were unharmed. King was then arrested in February on the charges of conspiracy. The boycott lasted 382 days. At the end on December 21, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was illegal. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957 and King was named its leader. Its goal was to provide leadership and organization in the fight for civil rights. He used the ideas of civil disobedience and peaceful protests based on the writings of Thoreau and the actions of Mohandas Gandhi to lead the organization and the fight against segregation and discrimination. Their demonstrations and activism helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major part of many nonviolent protests as he helped lead the fight for desegregation and equal rights. He was arrested numerous times. In 1963, numerous sit-ins were staged in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation in restaurants and eating facilities. King was arrested during one of these and while he was imprisoned wrote his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. In this letter, he argued that only through visible protests would progress be made. He argued that it was an individuals duty to protest and disobey unjust  laws. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington led by King and other Civil Rights Leaders took place. It was the largest demonstration of its kind in Washington, D.C. up to that time and approximately 250,000 demonstrators were involved. It was during this March that King gave his awe-inspiring I Have a Dream speech while speaking from the Lincoln Memorial. He and the other leaders then met with President John F. Kennedy. They asked for many things including an end to segregation in public schools, greater protections for African-Americans, and more effective civil rights legislation amongst other things. Nobel Peace Prize In 1963, King was named Time Magazines Man of the Year. He had stepped onto the world stage. He met with Pope Paul VI in 1964 and then was honored as the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded this on December 10, 1964, at the age of thirty-five. He gave the entire amount of the prize money to help with the Civil Rights movement. Selma, Alabama On March 7, 1965, a group of protestors attempted a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. King was not part of this march because he had wanted to delay its start date until the 8th. However, the march was extremely important because it was met by terrible police brutality that was captured on film. The images of this made a huge impact on those not directly involved in the fight resulting in a public outcry for changes to be made. The March was attempted again, and the protestors successfully made it to Montgomery on March 25, 1965, where they heard King speak at the Capitol. Assassination Between 1965 and 1968, King continued with his protest work and fought for Civil Rights. King became a critic of the War in Vietnam. While speaking from a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. The day before he gave a poignant speech where he said, [Gods] allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. While James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the assassination, there have been and still are questions to his guilt and whether there was a larger conspiracy at work.

Prepararse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples

Prepararse Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, and Examples The verb prepararse is a reflexive verb that means to prepare yourself, to get prepared, or to get ready for something. Since this verb is often used reflexively, this article includes prepararse conjugations with reflexive pronouns in the indicative mood (present, past, conditional, and future), the subjunctive mood (present and past), the imperative mood, and other verb forms. Preparar vs. Prepararse The verb prepararse can also be used non-reflexively as preparar, which is always accompanied by a direct object. Preparar can be used to talk about preparing things like food or materials, or to talk about preparing people, as in training them for a job or sport competition. When talking about getting ready to go out, like getting dressed, etc., a more common verb is alistarse. Present Indicative When conjugating a reflexive verb, the reflexive pronoun should be included before each conjugated verb. Yo me preparo Yo me preparo para mis exmenes. I prepare for my exams. Tà º te preparas Tà º te preparas para la carrera. You prepare for the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se prepara Ella se prepara para su nuevo trabajo. She prepares for her new job. Nosotros nos preparamos Nosotros nos preparamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We get ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparis Vosotros os preparis para hacer un largo viaje. You get ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se preparan Ellos se preparan para recibir a los invitados. They prepare to receive the guests. Preterite Indicative Use the preterite tense when you want to describe completed actions in the past. Yo me preparà © Yo me preparà © para mis exmenes. I prepared for my exams. Tà º te preparaste Tà º te preparaste para la carrera. You preparedfor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparà ³ Ella se preparà ³ para su nuevo trabajo. She preparedfor her new job. Nosotros nos preparamos Nosotros nos preparamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We got ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparasteis Vosotros os preparasteis para hacer un largo viaje. You got ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararon Ellos se prepararon para recibir a los invitados. They preparedto receive the guests. Imperfect Indicative Use the imperfect tense when you want to describe actions in the past that were ongoing or repeated. You can translate the imperfect as was getting ready or used to get ready. Yo me preparaba Yo me preparaba para mis exmenes. I was preparing for my exams. Tà º te preparabas Tà º te preparabas para la carrera. You were preparingfor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparaba Ella se preparaba para su nuevo trabajo. She was preparingfor her new job. Nosotros nos preparbamos Nosotros nos preparbamos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We were getting ready to give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os preparabais Vosotros os preparabais para hacer un largo viaje. You were getting ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se preparaban Ellos se preparaban para recibir a los invitados. They were preparingto receive the guests. Future Indicative There are two forms of the future tense. The simple future is conjugated with the infinitive form and the future tense endings (à ©, s, , emos, à ©is, n). Yo me prepararà © Yo me prepararà © para mis exmenes. I will prepare for my exams. Tà º te preparars Tà º te preparars para la carrera. You will preparefor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se preparar Ella se prepararpara su nuevo trabajo. She will preparefor her new job. Nosotros nos prepararemos Nosotros nos prepararemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We will getreadyto give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os prepararà ©is Vosotros os prepararà ©is para hacer un largo viaje. You will getready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararn Ellos se prepararn para recibir a los invitados. They will prepareto receive the guests. Periphrastic  Future Indicative   The other form of the future tense is the periphrastic future, which is conjugated with three components, the verb ir (to go), the preposition a, and the infinitive preparar. Remember to place the reflexive pronoun before the conjugated verb ir (to go). Yo me voy a preparar Yo me voya preparar para mis exmenes. I am going to prepare for my exams. Tà º te vasa preparar Tà º te vasa preparar para la carrera. You aregoing to preparefor the race. Usted/à ©l/ella se vaa preparar Ella se vaa preparar para su nuevo trabajo. She isgoing to preparefor her new job. Nosotros nos vamosa preparar Nosotros nos vamosa preparar para dar un discurso en la conferencia. We aregoing to get readyto give a speech at the conference. Vosotros os vais a preparar Vosotros os vaisa preparar para hacer un largo viaje. You aregoing to get ready to make a long trip. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se vana preparar Ellos se vana preparar para recibir a los invitados. They aregoing to prepareto receive the guests. Present Progressive/Gerund Form In Spanish, the gerund or present participle is often used as an adverb or to form progressive tenses like the present progressive. When conjugating progressive tenses there are two options for placement of the reflexive pronoun: it can go before the conjugated auxiliary verb estar, or attached to the end of the present participle. Present Progressive ofPrepararse se est preparando / est preparndose Ella se est preparando para su nuevo trabajo. She is preparing for her new job. Past Participle Similarly to English, in Spanish the past participle is used in perfect tenses like the present perfect. In perfect tenses the reflexive pronoun must be placed before the conjugated auxiliary verb haber. Present Perfect of Prepararse se ha preparado Ella se ha preparado para su nuevo trabajo. She has prepared for her new job. Conditional Indicative If you want to talk about possibilities, you can use the conditional tense. Yo me prepararà ­a Yo me prepararà ­a para mis exmenes si tuviera tiempo. I would prepare for my exams if I had time. Tà º te prepararà ­as Tà º te prepararà ­as para la carrera si estuvieras motivado. You would preparefor the race if you were motivated. Usted/à ©l/ella se prepararà ­a Ella se prepararà ­apara su nuevo trabajo, pero ella conoce bien el material. She would preparefor her new job, but she knows the material well. Nosotros nos prepararà ­amos Nosotros nos prepararà ­amos para dar un discurso en la conferencia, pero no tenemos tiempo. We would getreadyto give a speech at the conference, but we don't have time. Vosotros os prepararà ­ais Vosotros os prepararà ­ais para hacer un largo viaje si tuvierais ms dinero. You would getready to make a long trip if you had more money. Ustedes/ellos/ellas se prepararà ­an Ellos se prepararà ­an para recibir a los invitados si decidieran venir. They would prepareto receive the guests if they decided to come. Present Subjunctive Que yo me prepare La maestra espera que yo me prepare para mis exmenes. The teacher hopes that I prepare for my exams. Que tà º te prepares El entrenador sugiere que tà º te prepares para la carrera. The coach suggests that you prepare for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella seprepare El jefe espera que ella se prepare para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hopes that she prepares for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparemos El profesor recomienda que nosotros nos preparemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommends that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os preparà ©is Carlos pide que vosotros os preparà ©is para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asks that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepreparen Marta pide que ellos se preparen para recibir a los invitados. Marta asks that they prepare to receive the guests. Imperfect Subjunctive There are two possible ways of conjugating the imperfect subjunctive: Option 1 Que yo me preparara La maestra esperaba que yo me preparara para mis exmenes. The teacher hoped that I prepare for my exams. Que tà º te prepararas El entrenador sugerà ­a que tà º te prepararas para la carrera. The coach suggested that you prepare for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella sepreparara El jefe esperaba que ella se preparara para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hoped that she prepared for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparramos El profesor recomendaba que nosotros nos preparramospara dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommended that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os prepararais Carlos pedà ­a que vosotros os prepararais para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asked that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas seprepararan Marta pedà ­a que ellos se prepararan para recibir a los invitados. Marta asked that they prepare to receive the guests. Option 2ï » ¿ Que yo me preparase La maestra esperaba que yo me preparase para mis exmenes. The teacher hoped that I get ready for my exams. Que tà º te preparases El entrenador sugerà ­a que tà º te preparases para la carrera. The coach suggested that you get ready for the race. Que usted/à ©l/ella sepreparase El jefe esperaba que ella se preparase para su nuevo trabajo. The boss hoped that she get ready for her new job. Que nosotros nos preparsemos El profesor recomendaba que nosotros nos preparsemospara dar un discurso en la conferencia. The professor recommended that we get ready to give a speech at the conference. Que vosotros os preparaseis Carlos pedà ­a que vosotros os preparaseis para hacer un largo viaje. Carlos asked that you get ready to make a long trip. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas sepreparasen Marta pedà ­a que ellos se preparasen para recibir a los invitados. Marta asked that they get ready to receive the guests. Imperative If you want to give an order or command you need the imperative mood. When conjugating a reflexive verb, note that in positive commands, the reflexive pronoun goes after the verb, while in negative commands, the reflexive pronoun goes before the verb. Positive Commands Tà º preprate  ¡Preprate para la carrera! Get ready for the race! Usted preprese  ¡Preprese para su nuevo trabajo! Get ready for your new job! Nosotros preparà ©monos  ¡Preparà ©monos para dar un discurso en la conferencia! Let's get ready to give a speech at the conference! Vosotros preparaos  ¡Preparaos para hacer un largo viaje! Get ready to make a long trip! Ustedes preprense  ¡Preprense para recibir a los invitados! Get ready to receive the guests! Negative Commands Tà º no te prepares  ¡No te prepares para la carrera! Don't get ready for the race! Usted no se prepare  ¡No se prepare para su nuevo trabajo! Don't get ready for your new job! Nosotros no nos preparemos  ¡No nos preparemos para dar un discurso en la conferencia! Let's not get ready to give a speech at the conference! Vosotros no os preparà ©is  ¡No os preparà ©is para hacer un largo viaje! Don't get ready to make a long trip! Ustedes no se preparen  ¡No se preparen para recibir a los invitados! Don't get ready to receive the guests!

MGMT 459 Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

MGMT 459 Organizational Behavior - Essay Example The research identified that the various dimensions of employee motivation were given a practical meaning in the organizations operations from the interview with the leader. The interview created an important forum for the researcher to have a practical sense of the application of the content, process and reinforcement theories of motivation that manifested during the discussions with the leader. From the interview, the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory of motivation was evidently evaluated in a practical dimension from the information provided by the leader. The theory assumes a content perspective and stipulates that motivation comes as a result of the efforts by individual employees to satisfy their needs (Robbins, Judge & Campbell, 2010). Maslow postulates that there are five categories of needs that people aspire to meet. The lowest and the most fundamental are the physiological needs that constitute the need for shelter, food, water and other necessities. The research established that people obtain a self-drive to do their work so that in return for a salary they would meet these basic needs. Second in the rank is the safety needs. Here, the employees require safety and protection in the course of their day to day operations at the workplace. The leader demonstrated how the organization’s performance was bound to fluctuate with different levels of safety and protection in various work settings. Under the social needs category, the employees need love, affection and a sense of belonging to a human community (Robbins, Judge & Campbell, 2010). They too require self-esteem, prestige, recognition, respect and a personal sense of mastery and competence. Finally, individuals have the need for self-actualization. There is the need to grow, fulfill oneself and use ones abilities to the fullest. It was discovered from the interview

Foundations for Cultural Competence in Arab Culture Case Study

Foundations for Cultural Competence in Arab Culture - Case Study Example A vaginal examination would enable the doctors and nurses to obtain vaginal samples that can be used in the diagnosis. The mother insists that the doctors and nurses should only give prescriptions without the examination, an opinion that contradicts with nursing standards of practice, as well as the definition of evidence-based practice. This paper will describe the best course of action for the nurse. The nurse should demonstrate understanding of Mrs. Nasser’s views and convictions concerning the issue at hand. Evidently, Mrs. Nasser’s concerns have a strong basis because if the virginity of the daughter is under compromise, it can destroy her life, making her a social reject. Therefore, the nurse should reassure Mrs. Nasser that her concerns are worth proper consideration. However, the nurse should also explain that prescription without diagnosis poses serious health risks and that it is unacceptable (Purnell, 2013). The nurse should elaborate the possibility of carrying out a vaginal exam that does compromise the virginity of the young girl. The nurse should depict a high level of understanding while giving Mrs. Nasser and her daughter the reassurance they need. Notably, nurses play a critical role in helping patients understand the available treatment procedures and choices. Moreover, nurses should provide patients and their family members with the emotional suppo rt required so that they can be willing to accept the available treatment options. Finally, nurses should prove to be highly culturally competent. Nurses should be able to exhibit culturally congruent behaviors and attitudes when delivering care to different communities. In this case, the nurse should demonstrate respect for the Arab culture. In addition, the nurse should have the required skills to carry out a culturally congruent assessment in order to determine the underlying beliefs and the opinions of both Mrs. Nasser and her daughter (Songwathana & Siriphan, 2015).

Investigation of the impact of recruitment and selection strategies Term Paper

Investigation of the impact of recruitment and selection strategies and criteria over the organizational performance - Term Paper Example The findings of this study demonstrated profound support for the model that signifies that the HR policies are positively and directly related to the overall performance of the bank along with having a statistically strong impact over it since R square has been found to be equal to 70.2 percent. The evaluation of various cross sectional studies further revealed that the participation of the employees in the process of decision making has the most significant impact of the HR policies over the performance of the organization. However, this is not being implemented extensively. This may be due to nature of the jobs in the banks that are generally risky, critical and systematic or because of the cultural behavior discouraging the participation of the employees in the process of decision making. This study, toward its end, recommended that the Masraf Al-Rayyan Bank, in particular, as well as the other banks operating in Qatar should emphasize more over the training and development strate gy for developing the skills, knowledge and capabilities of the employees. Particularly, they should pay more attention on the structure and content of the appropriate training and development programs. Atlas, it was suggested that any research in the future will aim to investigate the issues encountered during the implementation of the desired HR policies in Banks and other organizations in Qatar as well as in other Arab countries. Table of Contents Table of Contents 2 1.Introduction 2 2.The Problem of this Research 4 3.Objectives of the Study 6 4. Design of the Study 6 5.The Data Population and Data Sample of the Study 7 6.Data Collection Methods 8 7.Literature Review 8 8.Research Model 16 a.Independent variables: 17 b.Dependent Variables 18 9.Research Design 19 10.Hypotheses of the Study 19 11.Research Validity 20 12.Research Reliability 20 13.Methodology 21 Research Approach 21 14.Factor Analysis 21 15.Hypotheses Testing 22 16.Analysis and Discussion 24 17.Recommendations 25 Ref erences 26 APPENDIX 31 1. Introduction The world of business has been extensively affected by the globalization as it has now turned into an intricate set of networks and inter-links having the objective to enhance the performance of an organization operating under a specific system. In many bureaucratic organizations, the employee position is indicated and arranged in a hierarchical manner. Due to this, the bureaucratic theory was brought in to existence in the nineteenth century by Max Weber. The concept behind the bureaucratic theory was to help the organizations in becoming more efficient and to be based upon legitimate authority and logic. In the period of 1920’s, the concentration shifted on the human element of the workplace that was considered as significantly affecting the management perspectives. The Hawthorne study is one these human approaches that was carried out in 1924 at the Western Electric Company. The Hawthorne study proposed that the productivity of the em ployees can be easily increased by treating them in a positive manner. Also, that study emphasized over the aspect of human interactions in the workplace. The theory of human needs by Maslow also included the human-based approaches. Maslow organized these requirements in a hierarchical manner in accordance to significance and priority. Maslow put the physiological requirement of the people that included food, water, etc. at the bottom level of the hierarchical pyramid. Then comes the safety

Reflective Journal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Reflective Journal - Coursework Example I considered the legal and ethical aspects that surround physician aid-in-dying before responding to the patient. Though I understood the patient’s tribulations, I was also wary of the complexities in the patient’s request. In a respectful and caring way, I explored the request to understand its origin and established potential interventions to alleviate the motivators of the request. The patient was clearly depressed and hence I opted to counsel her proposed palliative care and hospice as potential and effective alternatives. After 2 days of counseling, continued family support, and assistance from a palliative care specialist, the patient dropped the physician aid-in-dying request. The clinical experience was positive in that it reminded me of the significance of counseling in handling the elderly and terminally ill patients. The physical, mental, social, and spiritual suffering experienced by such patients leads to depression that may compel patients to request for the ethically and legally controversial physician aid-in-dying (Plaisted, 2013). Counselors, supportive families, and palliative care specialists can help in nursing elderly and terminally ill patients. However, the clinical experience was negative since it manifested how patients disregard medications, make irrational decisions, and give up on nursing care for terminal illness. This jeopardizes the capacity to manage terminal illness. Indeed, physician aid-in-dying request demeans many effective alternatives that can ease terminal suffering and guarantee long life (Plaisted, 2013). I would have made the situation better by recommending frequent counseling sessions for the patient since it was clear he would spend a long time in our hospital. Moreover, I would have consulted professional colleagues regarding physician aid-in-dying. Indeed, other professional colleagues would have helped in addressing most of the patient’s issues. For instance, palliative

United States vs Recio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

United States vs Recio - Research Paper Example The two drivers help the police arrest two other individuals, Recio and Meza, the defendants in this case. The two truck drivers are found in possession of the illegal drugs together with Recio and Meza who come for the drugs, rounded up and charged with conspiracy to commit a criminal offence of distributing illegal drugs (www.oyez.org). It is clear that the two drivers were part of the conspiracy because they were actually found with the drugs. However, it requires careful interpretation of the law to determine whether Recio and Meza who are only arrested after police lays a sting by the help of the truck drivers, are also guilty of the offense. The two, Recio and Meza, are tried in the Supreme Court and the jury find them guilty of conspiracy. The trial Judge advises that the precedence on similar case and the law dictates that conspiracy ends when its object is defeated by the government and so joining conspiracy scheme after seizure would be meaningless since the object of conspiracy would be impossible to achieve in such circumstances. Based on this, the trial judge orders a new trial and the new jury are advised on the circumstances of the seizure so as to be able to establish whether or not, Recio and Meza, joined the conspiracy before the seizure. The Constitutional Issues in the Case Following the trial on the two counts of charges presented against the defendants, Jimenez Recio and Adrian Lopez i.e. possession of i llegal drugs- marijuana and cocaine and the charge on distribution of illegal drugs, several constitutional issues emerge. It is clear that, there is an issue on the interpretation of the law of conspiracy as to when someone is deemed to have conspired. The law herein dictates that a person can only be found guilty of conspiracy if it can be proved that the person entered into conspiracy, before withdrawal of such intention or before the object of conspiracy was defeated by government intervention and the object became difficult to achieve. The state fails to prove this but the defendants are found guilty by the jury on both trials. There is also a constitutional issue that emerges from the trial judge in the Supreme Court during the first trial, from an error in the jury instruction. The jury are not adequately informed on the requirement of the law in relation to the case before them. The jury is not advised on which circumstance the defendants are guilty of the charges and so the y pass a verdict on the defendants being guilty without actually being able to ascertain their involvement in the conspiracy. The other issue that emerge is the precedence on similar case notably United States versus Cruz and United States versus Castro which had similar circumstances but the courts argued that they joined the conspiracy when its object had been defeated and thus became impossible to achieve. If this was the case that was referred to, then the state had to provide evidence showing the involvement of Recio and Adriano Lopez to the conspiracy of drug possession with intent to distribution. This was obviously not achieved during the two trials at the Supreme Court. The precedence on other cases provides a guideline and benchmark for ruling on subsequent cases. Decision of the case in terms of the vote In this case, the jury found the defendants guilty of both charges in a vote of 8 for guilty with 1 vote against the state, and thus becoming a unanimous vote. The defend ants appealed against the vote and the case was remanded to the court of appeal which ruled that the conviction of guilty for both charges be removed. This was basing its argument on

Presentation on Genocide In Congo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Presentation on Genocide In Congo - Essay Example But they had a hidden agenda of tapping the natural resources and using the strategic positions. The Observer on June 15, 2003, quoted a former student of Bukavu university, named Feli: â€Å"Women, children, everyone we could get our hands on, we killed them all,† leaving â€Å"not even babies† (www.observer.guardian.co.uk). â€Å"In Central Africa three countries viz. Burundi (1993-96), Rwanda (1994) and Zaire (1996) have been overtaken by catastrophes in 3 years.† (Newbury, 1998). Western Media gave wide coverage to the catastrophe, but none, including the UNO, took any cognizance of the real issues. This propaganda was used to shield Multinational Corporations, and the West in general, who had a vested interest of exploiting the natural resources, especially Coltan and Niobium used for the production of cell phones and other high tech electronic equipment. The role of propaganda is evident in the statement: â€Å"The tragedy of the Congo conflict has been instituted by multinational business corporations, their proxy armies and supra-governmental bodies that support them.†

United States vs Recio Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Critical Analysis of Hebrew Literature Curriculum for Arab Sector in Article

Critical Analysis of Hebrew Literature Curriculum for Arab Sector in Israel - Article Example The first curriculum for Arab schools was implemented in 1948 while the Israeli-Palestinian war was ongoing and military rule reigned over the territories occupied by the Arab minority (Zamir & Hauphtman 2001). The March 1975 curriculum approved by the Minister of Education has the objectives of imparting upon the students the cultural heritage of the Jews, literature aesthetics and awareness to social and cultural sensitivities. Although Arabic is considered one of the official languages in Israel, it is excluded in the curriculum as a subject in schools, and rather imposed the Hebrew language upon Arab students. This non-use of Arabic language is justified on the ground of its diglossic nature. The Hebrew Language is a compulsory requirement in all elementary and secondary Arab schools and in colleges where students aspire to become teachers. The linguistic concern is intertwined with the political and religious aspect of the Jewish existence, thus, there is a strong opposition on teaching Arabs Hebrew following the revivalism of the Hebrew language and nation (Zamir & Hauphtman 2001). Those in favor of teaching Hebrew to Arabs believe that it would allow the latter to learn Jewish culture, an important tool for written and oral communication and an important element in acquiring Israeli citizenship (Zamir & Hauphtman 2001). The school curriculum for studying Hebrew in secondary schools in the 1960s was â€Å"Hebrew Language and Literature Curriculum for Arab Secondary Schools: Grades 9 – 12† with three objectives (Zamir & Hauphtman 2001, p. 219). But it was only in 1972 that a  secondary school curriculum was used approved by the Ministry of Education on March 24, 1975, and revised a year later and published in the special circular A of the director general (Sept. 1976). In the revised curriculum, the language and culture of Jews will be taught for three years (Zamir & Hauphtman 2001). An Arab was appointed to supervise the implementation of this new curriculum, a part-time job until 1995 when the position became a full-time job.  

Nicaraguan Cocoa Trade Essay Example for Free

Nicaraguan Cocoa Trade Essay Cocoa has been an important part of Mesoamerican life for more than a thousand years. It began as a sacred, ceremonial food until the discovery of the Americas by the Europeans. From that time to today cocoa has been a booming commodity locally and more importantly, in the worldwide marketplace. (Somarriba, 2009) However, Nicaragua struggles to capture a big portion of the international market, although cocoa from that region is generally accepted as very high quality. In the late 1970’s farmers struggled with both crop disease and lower market prices. The outcome was a massive replacement by farmers from cocoa to bananas, which were believed to be more profitable. The effect was a decrease in cocoa bean production, which has remained relatively low until recently. Today cocoa is frequently cultivated by indigenous peoples and peasant farmers. Many Mesoamerican countries use the cocoa farms as a key land use effort to reducing poverty. (Somarriba, 2009) However, Nicaragua is beginning to turn their focus on better production methods, and more land specifically designated to the production of cocoa. Experts have estimated that only 6400 hectares are farmed each year in the cultivation of cocoa. That number roughly represents about one thousand cubic tons per year in cocoa production. (Navarrete, 2005) In addition to this, most farmers are small scale generational farmers, passing along traditions through the years. However, it has also been estimated that in comparison to the 6400 hectares that are farmed each year, a possible 350,000 hectares are suitable for cocoa production. (Navarretes, 2005) This exciting prospect is further fueled by the high demand for quality cocoa by international buyers such as Germany, The Netherlands, and the USA. (Dand, 2009) Although Nicaraguan cocoa is known for its very desirable characteristics and therefore good market prices, the area struggles with low production. The two biggest contributors to such minimal output are both poor agricultural management and technology, and plant-diseases. (Navarretes, 2005) Cultivating cocoa is a relatively easy crop. Many farmers like the lack of costly equipment or chemicals that would eat up profits. However, cocoa is very labor intensive. One of the many problems facing Nicaraguan farmers is learning how to deal with these issues on a steady basis to increase crop production. Firstly, soil preparation and plot placement is important. Cocoa needs well drained soil and plenty of water, humidity and sunshine. Often the small considerations like weeding and cutting down excessive shade trees that steal soil nutrients and sunlight are neglected and cause poor crops, although they are fairly easy problems to remedy. . (Navarretes, 2005)Another easy remedy that is often overlooked is that of dead or diseased pod and limb removal. Neglecting such seemingly simple tasks have had disastrous effects on whole cocoa crops. The diseased or dead pods and limbs quickly become diseased and spread rapidly throughout the crop. Adding to these mounting problems, farmers try to save crops with chemicals, but misuse and poor techniques result in killing the crops anyway. One of the most deadly diseases that cocoa farms are susceptible to is the Monilia virus. This devastating virus acts like a cancer and is very easily spread. In the late 1980’s the Monilia virus was responsible for crop failures in most of Mesoamerica. (Lok, p. 251) Management practices were introduced to help educate farmers on easy methods to save crops. These included removing infected fruit, pruning and weed control. One of the biggest problems remaining today that stands as a great hindrance to the desired cocoa production is simply that many of these farmers are ill-educated on farming techniques, and don’t know how to identify or resolve any of these fairly simple problems. However, NGO’s and extensionist groups have tried to come in and remedy the problems. Extensionists focused mainly on farming practices and taught farmers how to identify and resolve problems. Also, they spent time educating farmers on methods for stimulating production, site choices and record keeping. Several problems were faced in all of these areas. First of all, one method which involves opening up the crown of the tree for longer term production must be carefully balanced by how much water is near the tree, humidity being an important factor in healthy cocoa trees. In one study after education the farmer on proper techniques, the farmer didn’t relate the balance of humidity and sunshine, and lost the entire crop to dehydration. This proved to encourage distrust in the farmers of the extensionists who were there to help leading to the general consensus by the farmers that they should continue to stick to their own methods. (Lok, p. 255) As one farmer expressed his feelings on the matter, â€Å"I was told to establish my plot here, because it was the best place according to the extensionists, but I regret having done so. Next time I will establish my plot far from the river on the slope. This will give me less work, while still producing an acceptable amount of cocoa. †(Lok, p. 255) In addition to differences with training techniques, resistance by farmers was also had in relaying the importance of cutting down other trees that inhibit good cocoa crop production. Part of the problem lies in the simple fact that farmers use many of the trees for other necessary uses. For example, many of the shade trees are used for firewood and fruit and are seen by the farmers as being indispensable. Moreover, when trying to establish a basis for recording yield production, extensionists found that farmers would hesitate to give the correct amount. Farmers insecure living circumstances, murder, theft and kidnapping, as well as debts needing to be repaid to the NGO’s all play their part in the farmer’s inconsistencies and reluctance to report accurately. Unfortunately these problems only add to the difficulties being faced in trying to increase production. (Lok, p. 255) With the aid of extensionists also came the helpful tools that the NGO’s had to offer. Because most cocoa was initially sold to middle men, farmers got low prices for their crops, thus ensuring the cycle of low production. With help from NGO’s cocoa prices went up which opened opportunities for funding for better methods. The main problem faced in this are was mostly one that often strikes countries struggling with economic development. One government leader in attempting to address this problem of squandering increased income bluntly stated, â€Å"Brother workers and peasants, begging your pardon, but you will have to get drunk less, and dedicate the money to your family. † (Fagen, 1986) Its second largest task of providing ways to market its product has been aided both internally and externally. With new focus on commercialization and export procedures change is inevitable. Just as in the case with farming techniques, many of the issues that are hindering a large scale export are easily resolved. For instance, one of the major obstacles in the commercial cycle is simply that the roads are in such bad condition make travel impassable. (Dand, 1997) With the addition of government projects and government backing the potential for success is high. In addition, Nicaraguan commercialization of cocoa is focusing on the utilization of the CAFTA organization to help increase productivity. (Dilger, 2005) Following CAFTA encouragement, Nicaragua would focus its commercialization with the United States, who â€Å"buys 25% of the world production†. With this strengthened focus CAFTA will also push cocoa as a free market product, trying to lift restrictions and increase sales. (Dilger, 2005) Interestingly, CAFTA is also aware of the traditional cocoa cultivation practices and is urging farmers to try mew methods. (Dilger, 2005) Regardless of the many obstacles, the national goal of Nicaragua to increase production of one of its finest exports remains strong. Nicaragua is aware of its problems of low production, lack of credit, persistent Monilia, and pricing wars. (Dilger, 2005) However, with Nicaragua’s high quality cocoa and the accompanying international demands, Nicaragua could easily compete in the international cocoa trade. The potential for growth is strong, as is the determination of Nicaragua. References Dand, R. (1997). The International Cocoa Trade. New York: John Wiley Sons. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=114030771 Dilger, Robert. Kopsell, Edgar. (August 2005) Estrategias publicas-privadas en el sector Cacoa en Nicaragua y Acuerdos regionales de comercio libre. Fagen, R. R. (1986, November). The Politics of Transition. Monthly Review, 38, 1+. Retrieved March 26, 2009, from Questia database: http://www. questia. com/PM. qst? a=od=5002128448 Lok, Rossana. (1998) Traditional Cocoa Agroforesrty Systems in Wasala, Nicaragua. Navarrete, Ignacio Thelma Gaitan. (2005). Cadena del Cultivo Cacao. Somarriba, Eduardo. Sustainable Cocoa Production in Mesoamerica. www. worldcocoafoundation. org. Retrieved March 26, 2009

Anorexia Nervosa: Causes and Treatments

Anorexia Nervosa: Causes and Treatments Abigail Gallacher Problem: Too many teenagers are becoming anorexic. Question: What are researchers doing to prevent it? Introduction. Anorexia nervosa is a huge issue among men and women of all ages. Anorexia Nervosa, or anorexia for short, is a disease that too many people get. There are a wide range of reasons why people may become anorexic. Anorexia nervosa normally occurs during puberty, and occurs in more females than in males, but some males do have anorexia too. There are two types of anorexia. One type is linked to another common eating disease called Bulimia, where a person will binge eat and then throw up afterwards to try and get rid of it. The second type is restricting yourself completely of food. It is the obsessive fear of gaining weight, and so individuals will try to control their body weight by starvation, purging, vomiting, excessive exercise, and the use of diet pills. Anorexia nervosa is a biological issue, and there are many of biological reasons behind it. Research gives us reason to believe that anorexia nervosa is often inherited, and can often run in families. Recent research suggests that inherited and biological factors increase a persons chance of becoming anorexic by 55%, and a teenage female who has a sibling or parent/guardian with anorexia are twelve times more likely to become anorexic themselves. Also, studies show that identical twins have a higher chance of becoming anorexic. This may because they are identical, but one could feel like the other is slimmer, prettier, taller, and a lot more things that teenage girls often think about, causing them to have major self esteem issues. Identical twins have a higher chance of becoming anorexic than fraternal twins or ordinary siblings. There is a brain structure called hypothalamus, which is the brain structure responsible for regulating eating disorders. Neurotransmitters carry a message from cell to cell in the brain and nervous system. This transmitter affects binging behaviour in bulimics and anorexics. To meet the criteria of having anorexia, a persons body weight needs to be 85% less than what is expected. An estimated 53.7% of women will suffer from anorexia in their lifetimes. In August 2013, as many as 10 in 100 females in the US suffered with Anorexia, but figures are increasing all the time. â€Å"The Guardian† published an article on 30th January 2014 with the title â€Å"Rise in hospital admissions for young people with eating disorders†, which says that the most common age for anorexics to be in hospital is 15 years old. It also says that in October 2013, there was an 8% rise in anorexics to be admitted to hospital. In â€Å"The Independent† on Sunday 16th November, it has an article named â€Å"Eating disorders soar among teens – and social media is to blame†. In this article, it says the number of children and teenagers seeking help for an eating disorder has risen by 110% over the last three years, which is shocking. ChildLine says it has received more than 10,500 calls from teenagers struggling from with food and weight-related anxiety in the past year. The rise in anorexia can be because of social media, school stress, self esteem issues, and the growth of celebrity culture. This graph shows that the highest percentage of people with anorexia is ages 16-20. The BBC news estimates that 165,000 people are suffering from anorexia and 10% of deaths are because of it. Children as young as three have been hospitalised with anorexia. Short term and long term effects of anorexia The short term effects of anorexia include; malnutrition, weight loss, hair loss, dry skin, organ malfunction, dizziness, dehydration, easily blacking out, weakness, mental problems, low heart rate, depression, low heart rate and low body temperature. The long term effects of anorexia are malnutrition, irregular heart beats, organ failure, depression and even suicide. So what are we trying to do about it? Scientists in the UK are examining the DNA in people with anorexia in the hope that they will understand why some people get the disorder and others do not. They believe there is a link between genetics and eating disorders, and they think they can try to predict who could be at risk. Researchers are trying to determine the impact of the brain, hormones, genetics and appetite control biology on people with anorexia. Researchers believe that the Alzheimers drug may be used to prevent people from binge eating. Memantine, which is found in the drug, is also what the area in the brain which causes people to binge eat facilitates. According to Science daily, researchers used an experimental model to simulate binge eating behaviour, and they were able to â€Å"identify the area of the brain associated with binge eating and then suppress the area by applying memantine directly to that area. There are some problems with this idea, however. If they think that taking memantine will reduce the risk of binge eating or anorexia, a person would have to eat before taking it, which is not what people with anorexia would wish to do. Scientists have looked at the environment, genetics, personalities and biochemistry in people with anorexia, but the more that is learned, the more complex it appears. To understand people with eating disorders, scientists are looking at the neuroendocrine system, which is a combination of the hormonal system and the central nervous system. This system regulates multiple functions of the mind and body. Many of these mechanisms are disturbed in people with anorexia. Scientists have been able to show that excess levels of cortisol in anorexia are caused by a problem in or near the hypothalamus. The ANITT (Anorexia Nervosa Intensive Treatment Team) service is a step below specialist inpatient care and a step above outpatient therapy. It is for people who may not need or benefit from inpatient care. This programme includes group and individual therapy, dietetic and psychiatric therapy. The diagram above shows the criteria for ANITT and and the care plan and treatment services offered. I think the ANITT programme is a good idea and will help teenagers overcome their problem because it works with the person, not against them, and the diagram shows them exactly hat to expect, so they know what is coming, and it also gives them another option besides becoming a patient in the hospital, which may scare the teenager and force them not to cooperate. At least, which this service, they get a choice. They will hopefully work with the dietitian and become a stable weight. This will take time but when they are at a â€Å"safe weight†, it will gain trust between patient and dietitian. Then the patient will go to therapy for eighteen months, twice a week. After the eighteen months are over, the patient will go to reduced-intensity therapy for six months, but it will not be as extreme. After these two years are over, the patient will either be discharged, continue with another six to twelve months of therapy, or proceed to support treatment services. The patient will only be discharged if they want to or if they have achieved a full and good recovery. If the patient goes to support treatment services, they will be focusing on improving the quality of the patients life, physical and psychological risk management and gaining a good relationship with the team. This treatment is more flexible and varied than the others, which I think may appeal to patients. They also work with the patients to make realistic goals, and helping them overcome barriers, rather than working against the patients. The patients who used this programme said that the staff were supportive, and the care they received was brilliant. I think this programme is extremely effective because teenagers are not taken away from their families, which is brilliant because I think this is the time in a persons life that they need family the most, so taking them away will not improve the problem or benefit the child at all. According to the National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders (ANAD) (1), almost 50% of people with anorexia meet the criteria for depression. Only 1 in 10 people with anorexia receive treatment, (2), and up to 24 million people in the USA suffer from an eating disorder, (3). According the the National Spectrum of Eating Disturbances, about 91% of surveyed women on a college campus have admitted to controlling their weight through dieting, (4). It says 95% of people with eating disorders are between the ages of 12 and 25, (5), which shows that it mostly occurs in teenagers, because of stress and eagerness to â€Å"fit in†. According to The National Institute of mental Health, women are much more likely to develop an eating disorder than men, and only an estimated 5-15% of those who have an eating disorder are men, (6). According to The Renfew Centre foundation for eating disorders, the body image portrayed on television is something only 5% of people posse ss naturally, (7). I think all girls need to know this because they are extreme dieting to be like someone who is portrayed falsely. If they knew their idols real weight, rather than what they are seeing on television, I think there would be a lot less teenagers with anorexia, because according to Prevention of Eating Problems with Elementary Children, 47% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported wanting to loose weight because of magazine pictures, (8), and according to IBID, 69% of girls in 5th-12th grade reported that magazine images influences their idea of a perfect body image, (9). This is why I think it is so important that the media should stop falsely portraying these actors and actresses and models, and let girls see what they are really like. References http://www.anad.org/get-information/about-eating-disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/# Characteristics and Treatment of Patients with Chronic Eating Disorders, by Dr. Greta Noordenbox, International Journal of Eating Disorders, Volume 10: 15-29 The Renfrew Center Foundation for Eating Disorders, â€Å"Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources,† 2003 Shisslak, C.M., Crago, M., Estes, L.S. (1995). The Spectrum of Eating Disturbances. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18 (3): 209-219 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), The Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), offices of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.7 The National Institute of Mental Health: â€Å"Eating Disorders: Facts About Eating Disorders and the Search for Solutions.† Pub No. 01-4901. Accessed Feb. 2002. The Renfrew Center Foundation for Eating Disorders, â€Å"Eating Disorders 101 Guide: A Summary of Issues, Statistics and Resources,† 2003 Prevention of Eating Problems with Elementary Children, Michael Levine, USA Today, July 1998 Ibid

A Tale of Apocalypses, Men, Women, & Sports :: Movie Film Sports Essays

A Tale of Apocalypses, Men, Women, & Sports This movie is set in a post-apocalyptic society in the year 2010. After World War III broke out, the world was destroyed in the year 2008. The survivors have no memory of what their planet used to be like, or how they used to live. The earth is covered in layers of debris that archaeologists are sifting through to figure out how people lived before the world was destroyed. Along with the "death" of our modern world, women's rights also died, and men think they are far superior once more. Opening scenes (each is only a few seconds long): Close up of blade chopping vegetables, zoom out to see that blade is actually ice skate. Cut to: restaurant with people eating soup out of semi-deflated basketballs. Cut to: Opening credits with people playing in background: people are running around wearing helmets and throwing a hockey puck at each other's heads. Cut to: people on an archeological dig, sifting through the dirt with tennis rackets. Most of a track has been unearthed, and the archaeologists think it is called a "Coca-Cola" because of the large sign at one end of the field in the center of the track. One of our heroines is named Soleada Lluvia, and she has just unearthed a badminton birdie and is studying it. She is distracted when the archaeologists who have been uncovering the track announce that they have finished. She drops the birdie and joins the others as they stare at the track. They remember seeing people run in circles around such a thing from damaged movies they have uncovered on previous expeditions. The men immediately begin discussing how this must have been used as a sports arena for men. The women point out that they saw women running in the movies, too, but they men just laugh at them and say that women are too weak to do sports. The women become angry and start citing famous female athletes they read about in records they found. They mention Babe Didrickson, FloJo, Wilma Rudolph, and others. The men point out that that was before the world ended, and say that now women are weak again. The women assert that women never were weak, then or now, and challenge the men to a contest. They decide to hold their contest in one month - to give them time to train, and time to research more of the sports of the past.

Promote Positve Behaviour

1. Identify types of challenging behaviour.There are many types of behaviour that can be described as challenging. Examples of these include: self-injury (eg head banging, self-biting, skin picking)  physical aggression or violent behaviour (eg punching, scratching, kicking, biting, pulling hair) verbal aggression (eg threats, insults, excessive swearing)  disruption and destruction of property or the environment (eg ripping clothes, breaking windows or furniture) racist or sexist behaviour.Stereotyped behaviours (eg rocking, spinning, hand flapping) inappropriate or unacceptable sexual behaviour (eg masturbating in public, touching others inappropriately or showing pornography) smearing and urination (eg smearing faeces, urinating in inappropriate places) stealing (eg taking possessions/food that do not belong to the individual) manipulative, deceitful and non-compliant behaviour (eg refusing to move, refusing to engage in an activity despite being able, telling lies) absconding (eg leaving school/home/residential service without permission).3. Explain the steps that are taken to maintain the dignity of and respect for an individual when responding to an incident of challenging behaviour. Children must always be treated with dignity and respect with. This may be difficult when their behaviour is threatening to their peers or members of staff, however it is essential to remember that it’s the behaviour that is adverse and not the YP. When challenging the behaviour it is important to disapprove of the negative behaviour, not the individual.Should the situation require reactive strategies, it is important to uphold best practise and continue to treat the YP in a child centred way, according to their placement plan, risk assessment and positive handling plan, paying attention to the YP faith, beliefs, culture while maintaining dignity. For example, when holding a YP, ensuring that the hold is not intrusive, especially to private parts of the body. Shoul d the YP clothes ride up, for staff to inform the YP that they are about to adjust their clothing. It is important to maintain dignity and respect when recording the incident. Not  using a derogatory tone when referring to the YP, instead recording in a way that describes the negative behaviour displayed by the YP.